Thousands of jubilant Syrians rallied in Berlin and cities across Europe on Sunday, waving flags and barely able to contain their joy at the downfall of president Bashar al-Assad.

"Finally we are free!" exclaimed Bassam Al-Hamada, 39, among 5,000 people at an exuberant rally in the capital of Germany, where the one million-plus Syrians makes it the largest diaspora in Europe.

But Syrians in Athens, Belgrade, Istanbul, London, Paris, Stockholm and Vienna also waved flags in the green, red, black and white colours of the Syrian opposition and made clear their hostility to Assad.

Berlin police said more than 5,000 Syrians gathered in a square in the Kreuzberg district.

Many waved flags and banners that read "Free Syria" and "Freedom", flashed "V" for victory signs and chanted "Allahu Akbar!" (God is Greatest!).

Despite a cold drizzle, many came with their families. Children's faces were painted in the Syrian colours. Passing cars honked their horns.

Most Syrians in Germany fled their country after civil war erupted in 2011. A big community now lives in Berlin's Neukoelln district.

"We're happy. The dictatorship is over. Assad has gone," said 39-year-old Berlin resident Ahmed, who preferred not to give his last name.

"All Syrians are together now," said the railway technician, who fled the Syrian city of Aleppo in 2015.

Ahmad al-Hallabi, a 27-year-old mechanic from Aleppo, arrived in Germany through Turkey and Greece in 2015 at the peak of the migrant influx into Europe.

"Ten years ago, I was in Syria and saw things no-one should have to see, things that are impossible to wipe from your memory," he said.

"Assad is the worst terrorist imaginable ... I hope there'll be peace and everything Assad and his men destroyed will be rebuilt."

Relief for millions

Germany's far right, which has gained popularity on the back of its opposition to the arrival of Syrians and other migrants, quickly raised its fears about more arrivals.

"The frontiers are closed, we will not accept any any more," said Alternative for Germany co-leader Alice Weidel on the X social platform.

Many Syrian say they want to return to their war-battered nation.

"Like many Syrians, I would like to return to my country to help rebuild it," said Bassam Al-Hamada, a social worker who arrived in Germany in early 2016.

Sabreen, 36, an architect, said she planned to help from Germany.

"They mainly need expertise and money. All of that, we can gather here for the moment," added the woman.

Like many of the stunned exiles in Berlin, Sabreen called for Assad to answer for the killing and torture of his people in the past 13 years. "He must be tried in the international court in The Hague," she said.

Allah, Syria, freedom!

Hundreds of ecstatic Syrians celebrated the fall of Assad on London's Trafalgar Square, hugging each other and chanting "Mabrouk!" (Congratulations!).

Syrians greeted each other, many with the opposition flag, and singing: "Syria is ours, not the Assad family's".

Hundreds took part in joyous scenes outside the Fatih Mosque in Istanbul, one of the focal points for their 500,000-strong Syrian community in the Turkish city.

Several hundred Syrians also gathered outside parliament in central Athens. "Allah, Syria, freedom!" and "together, together, together," they chanted.

"I am happy after these 13 years of displacement, massacres and tens of thousands of people killed in prisons," said Adel Batal, 29.

"I am in Greece because of this regime," said the man from Aleppo. "My city has been destroyed by this regime."

Syrians also celebrated in the Swiss capital Bern and in Geneva, where several hundred people gathered at the Place des Nations square in front of the United Nations, the RTS state broadcaster reported.

Demonstrators sang and waved green-white-black-red opposition flags, while some stamped on pictures of Assad and his father Hafez al-Assad, who ruled Syria before him.

Around 300 jubilant people turned out at the Place de La Republique in Paris, chanting slogans, cheering and clapping.

Thousands also gathered in Stockholm, Copenhagen and Vienna. Sweden has Europe's second biggest Syrian diaspora.

"I lost my homeland. My home, my family and my friends, and we fought for 14 years –- so yes, today I am happy," Noura Bittar told Danish television.

"Of course, we are worried about what the next step will be, what kind of government will be put in place? But for now, we are just happy."

AFP

jubilant

Across Europe, Syrians celebrate being 'free' of Assad