Radiology in diagnosis

CT scans are the default imaging tool in many emergency situations. Dr Viljoen points out, “While patients with concussions may not show significant findings, those with severe concussion or exceptional symptoms must be imaged quickly.” A CT scan can swiftly identify serious conditions like fractures, brain swelling, and bleeding, which inform critical treatment paths.

Conversely, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is applied when detailed evaluations are necessary, especially when symptoms persist or worsen. “MRI excels at spotting subtle injuries overlooked by CT scans,” explains Dr Viljoen. Notably, MRI does not employ radiation, rendering it a safer option for long-term monitoring and assessment of head injuries.

Advanced imaging techniques

The advent of innovative imaging techniques, including Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), is paving the way for a better understanding and management of head injuries stemming from rugby. “DTI can identify damage to the brain's white matter, which may inform return-to-play decisions and treatment strategies,” shares Dr Viljoen.

Potential complications

One possible complication, Second Impact Syndrome (SIS), poses significant risks. SIS materialises when a player sustains a second concussion before fully recovering from an initial one. This secondary injury need not be severe; even a minor blow can lead to rapid and serious brain swelling. “Symptoms can develop quickly, turning dire—loss of consciousness, severe headaches, and respiratory failure may ensue,” warns Dr Viljoen, who underscores the importance of adherence to concussion protocols to mitigate these risks.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a long-term degenerative brain condition linked to repeated head impacts, remains a challenge as it can only be definitively diagnosed post-mortem. “Ongoing research strives for methods to identify CTE in living individuals, potentially through advanced imaging techniques like Positron Emission Tomography (PET),” asserts Dr Viljoen.

Causes and preventative strategies

The high-impact nature of rugby significantly heightens the risk of head injuries, with tackling seen as a major risk factor. Young players, whose tackling skills may still be developing, face heightened vulnerability. “Educating young players on safe tackling techniques and enforcing protective protocols are pivotal in reducing injury risks,” Dr Viljoen advocates. While protective gear like headguards can lessen superficial injuries, they do not prevent concussions.

Dr Viljoen also calls for strict adherence to concussion management protocols by coaches. “The culture of under-reporting incidents must change,” he states, “Players must be fully assessed and cleared by medical professionals before returning to play.”

As the rugby season unfolds, ensuring player safety is paramount. Dr Viljoen asserts, “Rugby is a fantastic sport, but prioritising player wellbeing is essential. Through awareness, timely medical intervention, and appropriate preventative measures, we can significantly decrease the severity of head injuries and allow young athletes to relish the game they love.”

rugbyinjuries

How advanced imaging techniques enhance rugby injury management